CAP722D Glossary Terms

An abnormal situation is an undesired state where it is no longer possible to
continue the flight using SOPs. However, third parties on the ground or in the air
are not in immediate danger. In this case contingency procedures must be applied
to prevent a loss of control or excursion from the operational volume.
In an abnormal situation, the remote crew must attempt to return the operation
back into the controlled state by executing contingency procedures as soon as
practicable. UK SORA

The level of risk that individuals or groups are willing to accept given the benefits
gained. Each organisation will have its own acceptable risk level, which is derived
from its legal and regulatory compliance responsibilities, its threat profile, and its
business/organisational drivers and impacts. JARUS SORA

An occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft which, in the case of a
manned aircraft, takes place between the time any person boards the aircraft with
the intention of flight until such time as all such persons have disembarked, or in
the case of an unmanned aircraft, takes place between the time the aircraft is
ready to move with the purpose of flight until such time it comes to rest at the end
of the flight and the primary propulsion system is shut down, in which:
a. a person is fatally or seriously injured as a result of:
- being in the aircraft, or,
- in direct contact with any part of the aircraft, including parts which have
become detached from the aircraft, or, direct exposure to jet blast, except
when the injuries are from natural causes, self-inflicted or inflicted by other
persons, or when the injuries are to stowaways hiding outside the areas
normally available to the passengers and crew; or
b. the aircraft sustains damage or structural failure which adversely affects the
structural strength, performance or flight characteristics of the aircraft, and
would normally require major repair or replacement of the affected
component, except for engine failure or damage, when the damage is
limited to a single engine, (including its cowlings or accessories), to
propellers, wing tips, antennas, probes, vanes, tires, brakes, wheels,
fairings, panels, landing gear doors, windscreens, the aircraft skin (such as
small dents or puncture holes) or minor damages to main rotor blades, tail
rotor blades, landing gear, and those resulting from hail or bird strike,
(including holes in the radome); or
c. the aircraft is missing or is completely inaccessible. Assimilated Regulation (EU) 996/2010, hereafter referred to as UK Regulation (EU) 996/2010

A nominated person who has the authority for ensuring that all activities are
carried out in accordance with the applicable requirements and regulations. The
Accountable Manager is also responsible for establishing and maintaining an

What is necessary or sufficient for a specific requirement. JARUS SORA

The adjacent airspace is the airspace where it is reasonably expected that an
uncrewed aircraft may fly after a loss of control. UK SORA

The adjacent area represents the ground are where it is reasonably expected a UA
may crash after a loss of control situation. The adjacent area is calculated starting
from the outer limit of the operational volume. The size of the adjacent area
depends on the UA performance. UK SORA

A defined area, on land or on water, on a fixed, fixed offshore or floating structure,
including any buildings, installations, and equipment thereon, intended to be used
either wholly or in part for the arrival, departure, and surface movement of aircraft. JARUS SORA

a. Aerodrome Environment is generally defined as: Class A, B, C, D, or E controlled
airspaces which touch the surface with an aerodrome and/or controlled airspaces
which do not touch the surface, but in connection to an aerodrome (normally
depicted on aeronautical charts and sectionals); or
b. Any Mode C Veil (US) or TMZ (Europe) in Class A, B, C, D, or E, controlled
airspace; or
c. 5 nautical miles from an airport having an operational control tower; or
d. 3 nautical miles from an airport with a published instrument flight procedure, but not an operational tower; or
e. 2 nautical miles from an airport without a published instrument flight procedure or
an operational tower; or 2 nautical miles from a heliport with a published
instrument flight procedure. JARUS SORA

A notice containing information that does not qualify for the origination of a
NOTAM or for inclusion in the AIP, but which relates to flight safety, air navigation,
technical, administrative, or legislative matters. ICAO Annex 15

A publication issued by or with the authority of a State and containing aeronautical
information of a lasting character essential to air navigation. ICAO Annex 15

The legal document established as a United Kingdom (UK) Statutory Instrument

The ARC is an initial assignment of generic collision risk of airspace before
mitigations are applied. ARC is assigned to AEC based on qualitative assessment
of collision risk of generic types of airspace. JARUS SORA

Air Risk Model provides a holistic method to assess the risk of an air encounter,
and to mitigate the risk that an encounter develops in a Mid-Air Collision. The Air
Risk Model guides the operator, competent authority, and/or Air Navigation
Service Provider (ANSP) in determining whether an operation can be conducted in
a safe manner.
UK SORA
Aircraft
Any machine that can derive support in the atmosphere from the reactions of the

Any machine that can derive support in the atmosphere from the reactions of the

A manual, acceptable to the State of Operator, containing normal, abnormal, and
emergency procedures, checklists, limitations, performance information, details of
the aircraft systems and other material relevant to the operation of the aircraft. JARUS SORA

A situation in which, in the opinion of a pilot or a controller, the distance between
aircraft, as well as their relative positions and speed, was such that the safety of
the aircraft involved was, or may have been, compromised. ICAO Doc 4444: PANS - ATM

The staged process an airspace change sponsor follows to submit an airspace
change to the CAA for a decision. Certain unmanned aircraft airspace restrictions
are processed as an airspace change. CAP 1616

Requests from a 'change sponsor', usually an airport or a provider of air navigation
services (including air traffic control), to change the notified airspace
design. Airspace change proposals must follow the CAA's airspace change

Airspace is broken down into different classes, defined by ICAO. In the UK,
Classes A, C, D and E are controlled airspace and Class G is uncontrolled

The AEC is a qualitative classification of the probability that a UAS would
encounter a manned aircraft in typical civil airspace found in the U.S. and
Europe. The airspace encounter risk was grouped by operational altitude, airport
environment, controlled airspace, uncontrolled Mode C veil/TMZ airspace, and in
uncontrolled airspace over rural and/or urban populations. The AEC is based on
the assessment of the proximity (the more aircraft in the airspace, the higher the
rate of proximity, the greater the risk of collision), geometry (an airspace structure
which reduces the probability that an aircraft find themselves on collision courses),
and dynamics (in general, the faster the speed of the aircraft in the airspace, the
greater the number of collision risks over a set time). Airspace where there is a
higher density of manned aircraft, few airspace structural controls, and high
aircraft closing speeds, will experience higher airspace encounter rates than in
airspace where there is low density, high airspace structure and slow speeds. JARUS SORA

Airspace managers are responsible for temporary and/or permanent restricted
airspace, such as flight restriction zones (FRZs), restricted airspace temporary
(RAT), temporary danger areas (TDAs), danger areas, restricted areas, prohibited
areas, low flying areas, helicopter routes and NOTAM. UK SORA

A person who assists the remote pilot by performing unaided visual scanning of
the airspace in which the unmanned aircraft is operating for any potential hazard in
the air.
Assimilated Regulation (EU) 2019/947 as retained (and amended in UK domestic law)
Under the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018, hereafter referred to as UK Regulation (EU) 2019/947

The condition of an item (aircraft, aircraft system, or part) in which that item

A UAS is airworthy if the aircraft and all its associated elements are in condition for

The applicant is the individual or organisation applying for an operational
authorisation. The applicant must substantiate the safety of the operation by
completing the UK SORA. Supporting material for the assessment may be
provided by third parties (e.g., the designer of the UAS or equipment, UTM service
providers, etc.). UK SORA

Accepted by the certification authority as suitable for a particular purpose. JARUS SORA

A conformity assessment body which has been approved by the Secretary of State
under Article 18 of the UAS Delegated Regulation.
UAS Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/945 as retained (and amended in UK domestic law)
Under the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018, hereafter referred to as UK Regulation (EU) 2019/945.

A Risk can be said to be reduced to a level that is ALARP when the sacrifice of
further reduction is "grossly disproportionate" to the decrease in Risk that would be
achieved. This sacrifice may include more than just financial cost and will include
the time and trouble involved in taking measures to avoid that Risk. Therefore, an
ALARP argument must balance the "sacrifice" (in time, money or effort) of possible
further Risk reduction measures with their expected safety benefit (incremental
reduction in Risk exposure). The balance must be weighted in favour of safety,

Gatherings where persons are unable to move away due to the density of the
people present. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/947

The planned and systematic actions necessary to provide adequate confidence

An atypical air environment (AAE) is not a separate classification of airspace, and
it can exist within any classification of airspace. Broadly, it can be considered to be
a volume of airspace in which it can be reasonably anticipated for there to be an
'improbable encounter rate' with crewed air traffic due to the proximity of certain
ground infrastructure rendering it hazardous for most traditional forms of aviation. UK SORA

Any natural or legal person established in the United Kingdom who has received a
written mandate from a manufacturer to act on his behalf in relation to specified
tasks. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/945

The execution of predefined processes or events that do not require direct UAS

An unmanned aircraft that does not allow pilot intervention in the management of
the flight. ICAO Doc 10019: Manual on Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems

An operation during which an unmanned aircraft operates without the remote pilot
being able to intervene. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/947

A material object or set of objects that separates, demarcates, or services as a
barricade; or something immaterial that impedes or separates. Both physical and
non-physical barriers are utilised and applied in hazard control, i.e. anything used
to control, prevent, or impede unwanted adverse energy flow and / or anything

A type of UAS operation which is not conducted in VLOS. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/947

Failure conditions that could result in one or more fatalities.

Something that brings about an event; a person or thing that is the occasion of an

Any certificate, approval, licence, authorisation, attestation, or other document
issued as the result of a certification attesting compliance with the applicable
requirements. Assimilated Regulation (EU) 2018/1139 as retained (and amended in UK domestic law) Under the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018, hereafter referred to as UK Regulation (EU) 2018/1139

Any form of recognition in accordance with the UK Regulation (EU) 2018/1139,
based on an appropriate assessment, that a legal or natural person, product, part,
non-installed equipment, equipment to control unmanned aircraft remotely,
aerodrome, safety-related aerodrome equipment, ATM/ANS system, ATM/ANS
constituent or flight simulation training device complies with the applicable
requirements of this Regulation and of the delegated and implementing acts adopted
on the basis thereof, through the issuance of a certificate attesting such compliance. UK Regulation (EU) 2018/1139

Non-binding technical standards adopted by the CAA to meet the essential
requirements of the Basic Regulation. CSs are used to establish the certification
basis (CB) as described below. Should an aerodrome operator not meet the
recommendation of the CS, they may propose an Equivalent Level of Safety (ELOS)
that demonstrates how they meet the intent of the CS. As part of an agreed CB, the

A category of UAS operation that is described in Article 3 of the UAS Implementing Regulation.

Considered to be any equipment for which the relevant design organisation has
demonstrated compliance with the applicable certification specifications and
received a form of recognition from the CAA that attests such compliance (e.g., a
TSO approval). GM1 UAS.SPEC.100 to UK Regulation (EU) 2019/947

(Examples of strategic mitigation; an operational restriction to fly between the
hours of 10PM and 3 AM; operational restriction to stay below 500 feet AGL;
operational restriction to stay within 1 mile of a geographic location; etc.). Strategic
Mitigation traces to the strategic layer of ICAO's conflict management concept. JARUS SORA

Aircraft other than public/state or military aircraft JARUS SORA

Averting physical contact between an aircraft and any other object or terrain.

The data link between the remotely piloted aircraft and the Remote Pilot Station for
the purposes of managing the flight.
Note: Remote Pilot Station is a legacy term and has been replaced by Command
Unit. ICAO Doc 10019: Manual on Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems

A communication service supplied by and third party, providing Command and
Control between the unmanned aircraft and the Command Unit. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/947

The equipment or system of equipment to control unmanned aircraft remotely as
defined in point 32 of Article 3 of Regulation (EU) 2018/1139 which supports the
control or the monitoring of the unmanned aircraft during any phase of flight, with
the exception of any infrastructure supporting the command and control (C2) link
service.
Note: Command Unit is now the preferred term and replaces Ground Control
Station and Remote Pilot Station. CAA UAS Unit documents containing these
terms will be updated in due course. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/947

Components designed to be implemented into existing systems without extensive
customisation and for which design data are not always available to the customer. JARUS SORA

The party other than the competent authority that is responsible for reviewing
supporting evidence for mitigations and operational safety objectives of an
application. The competent authority may appoint organisations that perform this
task for all or a selection of review items. The competent authority may also decide
to perform this task by themselves, thus becoming itself the competent third party. JARUS SORA

An attribute of systems or items which makes their operation difficult to
comprehend. Increased system complexity is often caused by such items as
sophisticated components and multiple interrelationships. JARUS SORA

Successful performance of all mandatory activities; agreement between the
expected or specified result and the actual result. JARUS SORA

A high-level description of how the OA Applicant intends to comply with the SORA
requirements. It is an extension of the compliance matrix (see definition for
compliance basis) with added columns, where the OA Applicant provides against
each requirement a brief statement of the compliance method (one sentence
suffices) and the expected evidence documents (generic document titles suffice).
The actual compliance data and documents are not required at this stage. Where
a requirement is satisfied through a SAIL mark certificate, the OA Applicant writes
a simple statement such as "compliance demonstrated by the SAIL mark
certificate". RAE(F) Policy

List of all SORA requirements which the OA Applicant must comply with to obtain
an OA for their intended operation. The list includes requirements that are already
complied with through a SAIL mark certificate, and identifies such requirements as
already complied with. The compliance basis takes the form of a spreadsheet
called the 'compliance matrix', where each requirement is identified in a single
row. RAE(F) Policy

Physical proof that compliance with a requirement has been achieved. Examples
are technical drawing, analysis report, flight test report, operational procedure,
SAIL mark certificate, etc. RAE(F) Policy

A compliance statement is a simple statement (a single sentence typically suffices)
which describes the method through which the Applicant has complied with the
requirement. UK SORA

Any self-contained part, combination of parts, subassemblies, or units which
perform a distinct function necessary to the operation of the system. JARUS SORA

Describes the characteristics of the organisation, system, operations and the

The requirements, design and implementation that define a particular version of a
system or system component. JARUS SORA

The process of evaluating, approving, or disapproving, and coordinating changes
to configuration items after formal establishment of their configuration
identification. JARUS SORA

Aircraft or part checked against design documents for correctness. JARUS SORA

The process demonstrating whether the specified requirements relating to a
product have been fulfilled. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/945

A body that performs conformity assessment activities including calibration,
testing, certification and inspection. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/945

In relation to a city, town, or settlement, means any area which is a substantially

Consensus standards are industry developed standards that define minimum
safety and performance requirements of an acceptable product or a means of
compliance to specific requirements. Standards organisations include, but are not
limited to, the Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics (RTCA), SAE
International (SAE), ASTM International (ASTM), and the European Organisation
for Civil Aviation Equipment (EUROCAE). JARUS SORA

Containment consists of technical and operational mitigations that are intended to
contain the flight of the UA within the defined operational volume and ground risk
buffer to reduce the likelihood of an LOC, resulting in an operational volume
excursion. UK SORA

Containment requirements are driven by the difference between the ground risk
level in the operational volume, including the ground risk buffer, and the ground
risk level in the adjacent area. UK SORA

Determination of containment requirements addresses the risk posed by an
operational loss of control that may infringe on areas adjacent to the operational
volume and buffers, specifically for the use of a tether. UK SORA

The projection of the contingency volume on the surface of the earth. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/947

Contingency procedures are designed to prevent a loss of control that has an
increased likelihood of occurring due to the current abnormal situation. These
procedures should return the operation to a controlled state and the use of SOP's
or allow the safe termination of the flight.
Contingency procedures must be activated as soon as the UA deviates from its
intended flight path or behaves abnormally, to prevent it leaving the operational
volume.
If contingency procedures cannot rectify the abnormal situation or the UA
approaches the outer edge of the contingency volume, emergency procedures
must be applied to safely terminate the flight. UK SORA

The contingency volume surrounds the flight volume. Entry into the contingency
volume is always considered an abnormal situation and requires the execution of
appropriate contingency procedures to return the UA to the flight volume. UK SORA

The monitoring, reporting and corrective action processes used for in-service
aircraft to assure they maintain the appropriate safety standard defined during the

The set of processes by which an aircraft, engine, propeller, or part complies with
the applicable airworthiness requirements and remains in a condition for safe
operation throughout its operating life. ICAO Annex 8

An airspace of defined dimensions within which air traffic control service is
provided in accordance with the airspace classification.
Note: Controlled airspace is a generic term which covers Classes A, C, D and E
airspace in the UK. ICAO Annex 11

The ground area where the UAS is operated and within which the UAS operator
can ensure that only involved persons are present. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/947

Aircraft that have an electronic means of identification (i.e., a transponder) aboard
and operating. JARUS SORA

A function whose loss would prevent the continued safe flight and landing of the
unmanned aircraft (UA). JARUS SORA

The ground area where persons would be expected to be impacted by the UA in
the event of a loss of control or an unplanned landing. JARUS SORA

Systems and assets vital to national defence, national security, economic security,
public health or safety including both regional and national infrastructure. JARUS SORA

Systems needed to perform one or more safety functions, in which failure would
cause a significant increase in the safety risk for the third parties and/or
environment involved. JARUS SORA

Airspace which has been notified as such within which activities dangerous to the
flight of aircraft may exist at specified times. ICAO Annex 11

Articles or substances, which are capable of posing a hazard to health, safety,
property or the environment in the case of an incident or accident, that the
unmanned aircraft is carrying as its payload, including in particular:
a. explosives (mass explosion hazard, blast projection hazard, minor blast
hazard, major fire hazard, blasting agents, extremely insensitive explosives);
b. gases (flammable gas, non-flammable gas, poisonous gas, oxygen,
inhalation hazard);
c. flammable liquids (flammable liquids; combustible, fuel oil, gasoline);
d. flammable solids (flammable solids, spontaneously combustible solids,
dangerous when wet);
e. oxidising agents and organic peroxides;
f. toxic and infectious substances (poison, biohazard);
g. radioactive substances;
h. corrosive substances; UK Regulation (EU) 2019/947

A term referring to all interconnections to, from and within the remotely piloted
aircraft system. It includes control, flight status, communication, and payload links. JARUS SORA

A formally and legally binding statement.

A method of proof of performance by observation. JARUS SORA

A technical standard:
a. which is adopted by the British Standards Institution for repeated or
continuous application; and
b. which has been designated by the Secretary of State by publishing its
reference number in a manner the Secretary of State considers appropriate. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/945

The legal person or design and production organisation responsible for the
development and manufacture of a UAS. UK SORA

The capability to see, sense or detect conflicting traffic or other hazards and take
the appropriate action to comply with the applicable rule of the air. ICAO Doc 10019: Manual on Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems

A system that ensures the local broadcast of information about a UA in operation,
including the marking of the UA, so that this information can be obtained without
physical access to the UA. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/945

Any natural or legal person in the supply chain, other than the manufacturer or the
importer, who makes a product available on the market. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/945

The manufacturer, the authorised representative of the manufacturer, the importer,
and the distributor of the UAS. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/945

Electronic Conspicuity (EC) is an umbrella term for a range of technologies that

Emergency procedures must be executed whenever an LOC is entered, even if it
is within the operating volume. They are executed the remote crew and may be
supported by automated features of the UAS (or vice versa) and are intended to
mitigate the effect of failures that cause or could lead to an unsafe outcome.
Regardless of other actions and response by the flight crew, the emergency
procedures must always be executed before crossing the outer edge of the
contingency volume, which would otherwise result in an operational volume
excursion. UK SORA

UAS safety feature that provides for the cessation UA flight in a manner that
minimises risk to persons on the ground, other airspace users and critical
infrastructure. JARUS SORA

The ERP is used for coordinating all activities needed to respond to incidents and
accidents. It is different from emergency procedures, as it does not deal with LOC,
but actions to be taken afterwards. UK SORA

a. The aggregate of operational and ambient conditions to include the external
procedures, conditions, and objects that affect the development, operation, and
maintenance of a system. Operational conditions include traffic density,
communication density, workload, etc. Ambient conditions include weather, EMI,
vibration, acoustics, etc.
b. Everything external to a system which can affect or be affected by the system. JARUS SORA

A complete assembly - operating either independently or within a system/sub-
system - that performs a specific function. JARUS SORA

Any instrument, equipment, mechanism, apparatus, appurtenance, software or
accessory that is necessary for the safe operation of an unmanned aircraft, which
is not a part, and which is not carried on board of that unmanned aircraft. UK Regulation (EU) 2018/1139

A comprehensive review of an applicant's UAS and all associated elements of the
system. The applicant is expected to provide all information necessary to allow the
CAA to objectively determine if the aircraft can be safely operated in accordance

An event which affects the operation of an item such that it can no longer function
as intended. JARUS SORA

A condition having an effect on the UAS, both direct and consequential, which is
caused or contributed to by one or more failures. Where relevant, a failure
condition should consider flight phases (Take-off, climb, cruise, descent,
approach, landing), adverse operational conditions, adverse environmental
conditions, or external events where they may trigger, contribute to, or worsen the

The way an item fails to perform its intended function, i.e. the externally
observable manifestation of the item failure. JARUS SORA

An injury which is sustained by a person in an accident, and which results in his or
her death within 30 days of the date of the accident. UK Regulation (EU) 996/2010

The Final Ground Risk Class is determined based on any mitigation measures put
in place, which may have a significant effect on the likelihood of a fatality after loss
of control of the operation, including:
Strategic mitigations intended to reduce the risk before flight,
Tactical mitigations intended to reduce the risk during flight,
Mitigations intended to reduce the effect of a ground impact. JARUS SORA

The volume within which the UAS operator plans to conduct the operation under
normal operating procedures. See also point 1.4(e) of SORA main body. JARUS SORA

'Flight Level' is defined by a surface of constant atmospheric pressure which is
related to a specific pressure datum, 1013,2 hectopascals (hPa), and is separated
from other such surfaces by specific pressure intervals. A pressure type altimeter
calibrated in accordance with the Standard atmosphere will indicate:
? An altitude when set to a QNH.
? A height when set to a QFE.
? A Flight Level when set to a pressure of 1013,2 hPa.

A manual containing limitations within which the aircraft is to be considered
airworthy, and instructions and information necessary to the flight crew members
for the safe operation of the aircraft. JARUS SORA

Airspace of defined dimensions around a protected aerodrome consisting of the
aerodrome traffic zone, any runway protection zones, and any additional boundary
zones, within which the permission of the relevant ATS unit or aerodrome
operator, as appropriate, is required before a UAS flight can take place. ANO 2016: Articles 94A and 94B

Flight Termination system is a procedure or function which aims to immediately

For normal operations, the UA shall only operate inside the flight volume using
standard operating procedures.
Depending on the type of operation, the flight volume can be defined as a flight
corridor for each planned trajectory, a larger volume to allow for a multitude of
similar flights with changing flight paths, or a set of different flight volumes fulfilling
specific conditions. UK SORA

A device that creates a controlled temporal displacement field when subject to a
specific threshold of kinetic energy, typically realised through vehicular motion that
results in the penetration of the space time continuum. JARUS SORA

A condition due to loss of control of the operation, where the UAS is leaving the
operational volume and it is not possible to regain control of the UA with none of
the normal, contingency, or emergency procedures being effective. JARUS SORA

A mode of operation of a UAS where the unmanned aircraft constantly follows the
remote pilot within a predetermined radius. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/947

The property of a material through deformation to tend to break into fragments
rather than deforming elastically or plastically and retaining its cohesion as a

The number of times that something happens during a particular period. JARUS SORA

A function that, based on the data provided by the CAA, detects a potential breach
of airspace limitations, and alerts the remote pilots so that they can take
immediate and effective action to prevent that breach. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/947

An automatic limitation of the airspace a UA can enter.

A UAS Geographical zone is an airspace restriction, established under Article 15. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/947

Parameters are such that the UAS Operation may proceed. CAP2606

The ground risk buffer is an area on the ground that surrounds the footprint of the
contingency volume. If the UA exists the contingency volume during a loss of
control of the operation, it should end its flight within the ground risk buffer. The
size of the ground risk buffer is based on the individual risk of an operation and is
driven by the flight characteristics of the UA and the containment requirements. UK SORA

A sound power level determined in accordance with the requirements laid down in
Part 13 of the Annex which includes the uncertainties due to production variation
and measurement procedures and where the manufacturer, or his authorised
representative, confirms that according to the technical instruments applied and
referred to in the technical documentation it is not exceeded. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/945

Recommended procedures for complying with regulations.

The act of passing piloting control from one remote pilot station to another. ICAO Doc 10019: Manual on Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems

An object that has physical being. Generally, refers to LRUs, circuit cards, power
supplies etc. JARUS SORA

The term harm, for the purpose of the SORA, relates to undesired events defined
as:
a. Fatal injuries to third parties on the ground.
b. Fatal injuries to third parties in the air (Catastrophic MAC with a manned
aircraft)
c. Damage to critical infrastructure. JARUS SORA

The identification of the harm for which the risk needs to be assessed. For the
purposes of the SORA three categories of harm have been identified:
a. Fatal injuries to third parties on the ground.
b. Fatal injuries to third parties in the air (Catastrophic MAC with a manned
aircraft)
c. Damage to critical infrastructure. JARUS SORA

The estimation (qualitative or quantitative) of the likelihood of the retained harm. JARUS SORA

The condition, object or activity with the potential of causing injuries to personnel,
damage to equipment or structures, loss of material or reduction of ability to
perform a prescribed function. ICAO Doc 9859: Safety Management Manual

The vertical distance of a level, a point or an object considered as a point
measured from a specified datum. ICAO Annex 5

Those systems that can evaluate data, select a course of action and implement

Those systems that still require inputs from a human operator (e.g. confirmation of
a proposed action) but which can implement the action without further human

Characterised by comprehension of the parts of something as intimately
interconnected and explicable only by reference to the whole. JARUS SORA

Provides a generic framework to identify the threats, hazards, and controls
applicable to any UAS operation. JARUS SORA

Staying in the same geographical position in the air. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/945

Human action with unintended consequences. JARUS SORA

Human-machine interface issues with UAS control station displays, controls,
functionality, automation, operator workload and system maintainability. JARUS SORA

Principles which apply to aeronautical design, certification, training, operations and
maintenance and which seek safe interface between the human and other system
components by proper consideration to human performance. JARUS SORA

Human capabilities and limitations which have an impact on the safety and
efficiency of aeronautical operations. JARUS SORA

Any natural or legal person established in the United Kingdom who places a
product from a third country on the United Kingdom market. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/945

An occurrence, other than an accident, associated with the operation of an aircraft
which affects or could affect the safety of operation. UK Regulation (EU) 996/2010

A published document established by consensus and approved by a recognized
body that sets out specifications and procedures to ensure that a material,
product, method, or service meets its purpose and consistently performs to its
intended use.
Standards are industry developed standards that define minimum safety and
performance requirements of an acceptable product or a means of compliance to
specific requirements. JARUS SORA

Initial classification of the airspace before risk mitigations are applied. JARUS SORA

The system used to determine the applicable requirements and establish that an

An examination of an item against a specific standard.

A standard instrument departure (SID), a standard instrument arrival (STAR), an
approach transition, an initial approach procedure and an instrument approach
procedure (IAP) CAP 785A

Integrated airspace is considered 500 ft. AGL up to VHL airspace (?FL600) and
any airspace where manned aircraft will operate below 500 ft. AGL for take-off and
landing. It is airspace where UAS are expected to conform and comply with the
existing manned aircraft operating rules, procedures, and equipage. JARUS SORA

Attribute of a system or an item indicating that it can be relied upon to work
correctly on demand. JARUS SORA

Initial classification of the ground risk before ground mitigations are applied. JARUS SORA

The intrinsic Ground Risk Class (scaled from 1 to 10) is determined by the UA
characteristics (maximum characteristic dimension and maximum speed) as well
as the at-risk population density in the operational volume and ground risk buffer. JARUS SORA

The defined ground area at risk for a specific operation UK SORA

Person directly involved with the operation of the UAS or fully aware that the UAS
operation is being conducted near them. Involved persons are fully aware of the
risks involved with the UAS operation and have accepted these risks. The UAS
operator informs Involved persons of the risks and provides training on the
relevant emergency procedures and/or contingency plans. JARUS SORA

Culture in which front-line operators or other persons are not punished for actions,
omissions or decisions taken by them that are commensurate with their experience
and training, but in which gross negligence, wilful violations and destructive acts are
not tolerated.
Assimilated Regulation (EU) 376/2014 as retained (and amended in UK domestic law)
Under the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018, hereafter referred to as UK Regulation (EU) 376/2014 (Article 2)

Kinetic energy is energy of an object due to its motion. It is directly related to the
mass or weight of the objective. Kinetic Energy = ½ Mass x Velocity2. JARUS SORA

A model aircraft with a maximum take-off mass greater than 25Kg.

This is defined by the time it takes for a request to travel from the transmitter
(Command Unit) to the receiver (UA) and for the receiver to process that request.
This is the total round-trip time from the Command Unit to the UA and back again.
In reliable two-way communication systems, latency limits the maximum rate that

An individual, company, or other entity which has legal rights and is subject to

A certificate issued to a UAS operator by the CAA as set out in Part C of the
Annex to the UAS Implementing Regulation. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/947

Estimation of the degree of confidence one may have in the occurrence of an
event. JARUS SORA

The estimation (qualitative or quantitative) of the likelihood of the retained
undesired event's harm. JARUS SORA

A Loss of Control (LOC) typically has the following characteristics:
i) It could not be handled by a contingency procedure.
ii) The safe outcome of the situation relies highly on luck.
This includes situations where a UA has exited the operational volume and is
potentially operating over or in an area of ground or air risk for which the UAS
operator is not authorised. The LOC state is also entered if a UA does not follow
the authorised route and the remote pilot is unable to control it, an automatic
failsafe is initiated, or the Flight Termination System (FTS) is activated, even if this
happens inside the operational volume. UK SORA

The loss of Command-and-Control link with the remotely piloted aircraft such that
the remote pilot can no longer manage the aircraft's flight. ICAO Doc 10019: Manual on Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems

Inspection, overhaul, repair, preservation, and the replacement of parts. JARUS SORA

Ground personnel in charge of maintain the UAS before and after flight in
accordance with the UAS maintenance instructions. UK SORA

A major modification is a modification to the UAS that is not considered a minor
modification. A major modification is considered a significant change to the OA per

Any supply of a product for distribution, consumption or use on the United
Kingdom market in the course of a commercial activity, whether in exchange of
payment or free of charge. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/947

The occurrence of a condition whereby the operation is outside specified limits. JARUS SORA

Any natural or legal person who manufactures a product or has a product
designed or manufactured and markets that product under their name or
trademark. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/945

Activities carried out and measures taken by public authorities to ensure that
products comply with the requirements set out in any relevant enactment and do
not endanger health, safety or an any other aspect of public interest protection. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/945

An authority responsible for carrying out market surveillance in the United
Kingdom. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/945

The number of people living per unit of an area (e.g., per square mile or square
km). JARUS SORA

This is defined as the maximum possible airspeed the UA can achieve, as
specified by its Designer. It is important to note that this refers to the potential
maximum speed, not the maximum speed of the proposed operation. UK SORA

The maximum unmanned aircraft mass, including payload and fuel, as defined by
the manufacturer or the builder, at which the unmanned aircraft can be operated. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/947

A sound power level as determined from measurements as laid down in Part 13 of
the Annex; measured values may be determined either from a single UA
representative for the type of equipment or from the average of a number of UA. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/945

A set of methods and principles used to perform a particular activity. JARUS SORA

An accident where two aircraft come into contact with each other while both are in
flight. JARUS SORA

A MASPS specifies characteristics that should be useful to designers, installers,
manufacturers, service providers and users of systems intended for operational
use within a defined airspace. Where the systems are global in nature, the system
may have international applications that are taken into consideration. The MASPS
describes the system (subsystems / functions) and provides information needed to
understand the rationale for system characteristics, operational goals,
requirements and typical applications. Definitions and assumptions essential to
proper understanding of the MASPS are provided as well as minimum system test
procedures to verify system performance compliance (e.g., end-to-end
performance verification). JARUS SORA

A MOPS provides standards for specific equipment(s) useful to designers,
manufacturers, installers and users of the equipment. The word "equipment" used
in a MOPS includes all components and units necessary for the system to properly
perform its intended function(s). The MOPS provides the information needed to
understand the rationale for equipment characteristics and requirements stated.
The MOPS describes typical equipment applications and operational goals and
establishes the basis for required performance under the standard. Definitions and
assumptions essential to proper understanding are provided as well as installed
equipment tests and operational performance characteristics for equipment
installations. JARUS SORA

A minor modification is a modification to the UAS that does not invalidate the
safety claim made in the OSC. Minor modifications are modifications that have
been captured in the OSC. A minor modification is not considered a significant
change to the OA per UAS.SPEC.030(2). CAP 722G

A means to reduce the risk of a hazard. JARUS SORA

An unmanned aircraft used for sporting and recreational purposes, flown by direct
control inputs made by the remote pilot without any autonomous capability other
than for flight stabilisation purposes.
Note: The definition of a model aircraft may include multi-rotor type drones. Any
unmanned aircraft being flown in accordance with the definition above is
considered a model aircraft. The use of any automation, such as automatic flight
modes which alter the position of the aircraft, places the operation outside the
definition of a model aircraft, and therefore outside the scope of Article 16. The
aircraft must be flown with direct control inputs from the remote pilot.
It is acknowledged that many unmanned aircraft have built in failsafe modes,
which may be activated in some instances, for example- loss of control link.
Activation of such a mode, although possibly automatic in nature, does not
necessarily place the aircraft outside the scope of the definition of a model aircraft. Appendix A: GM1 Article 16 to UK Regulation (EU) 2019/947

An organisation legally established in the United Kingdom for the purpose of
conducting leisure flights, air displays, sporting activities or competition activities
using UAS. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/947

Any flying activity deliberately performed, by model aircraft, for the purpose of
providing an exhibition or entertainment at an advertised event. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/947

A technical change to a UAS is considered a modification if it is any of the
following:
• A change to the structure.
• A change to the material.
• A change to the paint scheme.
• Adding, removing, or modifying system functions or sub-functions.
• Adding, relocating, modifying, or removing equipment.
• A change to equipment part number outside of the Designer's recommendations.
• Adding, relocating, or removing payload.
• A firmware/software update. CAP 722G

UA operations where multiple UAs are under a common (centralized) flight
management and the individual UA's either:
• operate relative to each other under the common flight management, (e.g.,
formation flights with a swarm of UAS performing displays for entertainment) or
• operate independent of each other under the common flight management. JARUS SORA

Also referred as civil aviation authority, it is a government statutory authority in
each country that oversees the approval and regulation of civil aviation. JARUS SORA

A human being as distinguished from a person (as a corporation) created by

An NMAC is defined as two aircraft coming within 500 vertical and ±100 ft.
horizontally of each other while in flight. JARUS SORA

The hours between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning
civil twilight or such other period between sunset and sunrise, as may be
prescribed by the appropriate authority. Note: Civil twilight degrees below the
horizon and begins in the morning when the centre of the sun's disc is 6 degrees
below the horizon. JARUS SORA

Parameters are such that the UAS Operation may not proceed. CAP2606

Normal operations utilise standard operating procedures (SOP), which are a set of
operating instructions covering policies, procedures, and responsibilities set out by
the applicant. UK SORA

A notice distributed by means of telecommunication containing information
concerning the establishment, condition or change in any aeronautical facility,
service, procedure or hazard, the timely knowledge of which is essential to
personnel concerned with flight operations. ICAO Annex 11

Applicant to an operational authorisation delivered by the CAA. RAE(F) Policy

Any safety-related event which endangers or which, if not corrected or addressed,
could endanger an aircraft, its occupants or any other person and includes in
particular an accident or serious incident. UK Regulation (EU) 996/2010

A category of UAS operations that is described in Article 4 of the UAS Implementing Regulation.

A risk assessment methodology intended for use in the Specific category, which is
described in CAP 722A. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/947

The UK SORA considers an operation to be either in a state of control, or loss of
control. UK SORA

An operation is considered in control when the remote crew can continue the
management of the current flight situation, such that no persons on the ground or
in the air endangered. This remains true for both normal and abnormal situation.
However, the safety margins in the abnormal situation are reduced. There are two
state of operation in control: UK SORA

A document issued by the CAA that authorises the operation of an unmanned
aircraft system, subject to the conditions outlined within the authorisation, having

It is defined by the UAS design organisation as the maximum flight hours and/or
cycles an UAS operator should use the UAS while continuously conforming with
the maintenance design requirements. JARUS SORA

See Operating Safety Case.

The operational volume is made up of the flight volume and the contingency
volume. UK SORA

A manual containing procedures, instructions and guidance for use by operational
personnel in the execution of their duties (See CONOPS). JARUS SORA

See unmanned aircraft system operator.

RAE(F) or RAE(F) Applicant, when referred to as a company or organisation. RAE(F) Policy

The verification, by or on behalf of the competent authority, on a continuous basis
that the requirements of this Regulation and of the delegated and implementing
acts adopted on the basis thereof, on the basis of which a certificate has been
issued or in respect of which a declaration has been made, continue to be
complied with. UK Regulation (EU) 2018/1139

A device used or intended to be used to retard the fall of a body or object through
the air. JARUS SORA

Instrument, mechanism, equipment, part, apparatus, appurtenance, or accessory,
including communications equipment, that is installed in or attached to the aircraft,
and is not used or intended to be used in operating or controlling an aircraft in
flight, and is not part of an airframe, engine, or propeller. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/947

There are two primary functions of the Performance Based Oversight (PBO) approach:
1. To consistently, proportionately, and efficiently allocate the use of our operational
safety oversight teams or 'field force'
2. To modify the volume, type and focus of our oversight according to risk and
organisational performance
The PBO process allows Sector Managers from each capability area to use the
information gleaned from oversight and other safety intelligence sources to build a
single cross-capability risk picture, covering all operational aspects of each regulated

See Remote Pilot.

The first making available of a product on the United Kingdom market. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/945

The number of people living per unit of an area (e.g. per square mile); the number
of people relative to the space occupied by them. JARUS SORA

Recommended methods, rules, and designs for voluntary compliance. JARUS SORA

A PDRA is a shortened set of prescriptive conditions that must be complied with

A UAS assembled or manufactured for the builder's own use, not including UAS
assembled from a set of parts placed on the market by the manufacturer as a

Standard, detailed steps that prescribe how to perform specific tasks. JARUS SORA

Set of inter-related resources and activities, which transform inputs into outputs. JARUS SORA

An airspace of defined dimensions over the land areas or territorial waters of a
State, within which the flight of aircraft is prohibited. ICAO Annex 11

A CAA certified aerodrome or a UK Government aerodrome or other aerodromes
prescribed for the purpose (by the Secretary of state) in relation to a Flight
Restriction Zone.

Providence is a necessary byproduct to make experimentation and computational
factors more clear-cut and easy to evaluate and calculate. Providence can be
simply thought of as pure chance, it is the point at which, in the collision sequence,
all other modes of mitigation have failed, and neither the pilot, the DAA system,
nor ATC, can have any influence on whether the two-aircraft collide. Providence is
a conditional
probability of a MAC given that an NMAC has occurred, and has been estimated
conservatively as 0.1 for manned aircraft vs. manned/large UAS sized aircraft, and
0.01 for manned aircraft vs. small UAS sized aircraft. JARUS SORA

Process through which a State/approval authority/applicant ensures that a specific
implementation satisfies applicable requirements with a level of confidence. JARUS SORA

Accredited legal or natural person which may be charged with certain certification
or
oversight tasks under this Regulation by and under the control and the
responsibility of the CAA. UK Regulation (EU) 2018/1139

Examples of qualitative data are engineering judgement or judgement based on

The act of assigning a numerical value to or measuring the probability that a
specific event will occur. JARUS SORA

Examples of quantitative data are calculation, statistics, or testing.

A direct radio link point-to-point contact between a transmitter and a receiver.
Requirement for the Accreditation of Market Surveillance (RAMS)
Regulation (EC) No 765/2008 setting out the requirements for accreditation and
market surveillance relating to the marketing of products. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/945

An organisation approved by the CAA to submit reports and/or issue certificates
on the CAA's behalf in relation to remote pilot competency. CAP 722B

An alternative area identified for the purpose of landing the swarm in the event of
an emergency. CAP 722E

The presence of more than one independent means for accomplishing a given

The probability that an item will perform a required function under specified
conditions, without failure, for a specified period of time. JARUS SORA

A member of the crew that performs duties essential to the safety of flight whose
duties and responsibilities has been assigned to these by the UAS operator. It may
include the remote pilot in command, observers, maintenance staff, launch and
recovery system operators etc.) is part of the remote crew. JARUS SORA

A natural person responsible for safely conducting the flight of an unmanned
aircraft by operating its flight controls, either manually or, when the unmanned
aircraft flies automatically, by monitoring its course and remaining able to
intervene and change the course at any time. UK Regulation (EU) 2018/1139

See Command Unit (CU).

An unmanned aircraft which is piloted from a Remote Pilot Station.
Note: Remote Pilot Station is a legacy term and has been replaced by Command
Unit.
Note: RPA is a subset of unmanned aircraft. ICAO Doc 10019: Manual on Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems

A remotely piloted aircraft, its associated remote pilot station(s), the required
command and control links and any other components as specified in the type
design.
Note: Remote pilot station is a legacy term and has been replaced by command
unit.
Note: RPAS is a subset of Unmanned Aircraft System. ICAO Doc 10019: Manual on Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems

Airspace of defined dimensions over the land areas or territorial waters of a State
within which the flight of aircraft is restricted in accordance with certain specified
conditions. ICAO Annex 11

Is a measure of exposure to a possible hazard and it combines the severity of the
consequences at the realisation of the hazard (how bad) and the likelihood of

The development of qualitative and / or quantitative estimate of risk based on
evaluation and mathematical techniques. JARUS SORA

The process by which the results of risk analysis are used to make decisions. JARUS SORA

The combination of the consequences and likelihood of the harm. JARUS SORA

Process that encompasses: Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, Hazard Risk
Matrix, Risk reduction, and Risk monitoring and review.

The risk ratio is the ratio between a conditional probability with a mitigating
system, divided by a conditional probability without a mitigating system. The
conditional probability is, given an encounter, an NMAC occurs. An encounter is
defined as proximity of 3000 ft horizontally and ± 350 ft vertically. An NMAC is
defined as proximity of 500 ft horizontally and ±100 ft vertically. JARUS SORA

Robustness is the term used to describe the combination of two key
characteristics of a risk mitigation or operational safety objective:
The level of integrity (LOI) i.e., how good the mitigation/objective is at reducing
risk.
The level of assurance (LOA) i.e., the degree of certainty with which the level of
integrity is ensured. UK SORA

A heavier-than-air aircraft that depends principally for its support in flight on the lift
generated by one or more rotors. JARUS SORA

A zone, which comprises part of the UAS Flight Restriction Zone. It is the airspace
extending from the surface to a height of 2,000 feet above the level of the
aerodrome within the area bounded by a rectangle:
a. whose longer sides measure 5 km,
b. whose shorter sides measure:
(i) 1 km (except in the case of Heathrow Airport), or;
(ii) 1.5 km, in the case of Heathrow Airport, and;
c. which is positioned so that:
(i) one of the shorter sides of the rectangle ("side A") runs across the
runway threshold, and;
(ii) the two longer sides of the rectangle are parallel to, and equidistant
from, the extended runway centre line as it extends from side A out to, and
beyond, the runway end to which the runway threshold relates. ANO 2016: Article 94B

In the context of the air risk, the volume not defined as urban environment and not
within the aerodrome traffic zone (ATZ) of an airport. JARUS SORA

Safety is the state in which the risk of harm to persons or property is reduced to,
and maintained at or below, an acceptable level through a continuing process of
hazard identification and risk management. JARUS SORA

An Engaged Air Safety Culture is that set of enduring values and attitudes,
regarding Air Safety issues, shared by every member, at every level, of an
organisation. It refers to the extent to which each individual and each group of the
organisation seeks to be aware of the risks induced by its activities; is continually
behaving so as to preserve and enhance safety; is willing and able to adapt when
facing safety issues; is willing to communicate safety issues; and continually
evaluates safety related behaviour.

A systematic approach to managing safety, including the necessary organisational

A measurable goal or desirable outcome related to safety.

See Risk.

The Initial Safety Risk Level is a combination of the 'likelihood' of a Safety Risk
occurring and the 'severity' of harm to people whilst considering the existing
mitigations present. If necessary, further mitigations may be applied which result in a

The requirement of the pilot of an aircraft to "see" conflicting aircraft and then take
appropriate actions to "avoid" a collision, and to remain well clear of other aircraft
in accordance with, 14 CFR 91.113, SERA 3201, and ICAO Annex 2 section 3.2. JARUS SORA

Airspace of specified dimensions allocated for exclusive use to a specific user(s).
Note: This definition is currently under review and subject to change. ICAO Doc 10088

See Detected and Avoid.

Maintaining a specific minimum distance between an aircraft and another aircraft
or terrain to avoid collisions, normally by requiring aircraft to fly at set levels or
level bands, on set routes or in certain directions, or by controlling an aircraft's
speed. JARUS SORA

An incident involving circumstances indicating that there was a high probability of
an accident and is associated with the operation of an aircraft, which in the case of
a manned aircraft, takes place between the time any person boards the aircraft
with the intention of flight until such time as all such persons have disembarked, or
in the case of an unmanned aircraft, takes place between the time the aircraft is
ready to move with the purpose of flight until such time it comes to rest at the end
of the flight and the primary propulsion system is shut down. UK Regulation (EU) 996/2010

An injury which is sustained by a person in an accident and which involves one of
the following:
a. hospitalisation for more than 48 hours, commencing within 7 days from the
date the injury was received;
b. a fracture of any bone (except simple fractures of fingers, toes, or nose);
lacerations which cause severe haemorrhage, nerve, muscle or tendon
damage;
d. injury to any internal organ;
e. second or third degree burns, or any burns affecting more than 5 % of the
body surface;
f. verified exposure to infectious substances or harmful radiation. UK Regulation (EU) 996/2010

The consequence or impact of a hazard's effect or outcome in terms of degree of
loss or harm. JARUS SORA

Expected protection of people from the UA in case of crash into a building or
structure. JARUS SORA

A battery with internal electronics that typically assist efficient charging, can be set
to automatically discharge the battery into storage state, manage its own
temperature and automatically maintain battery charging logs.] CAP2606

Computer programs, procedures, rules, and any associated documentation
pertaining to the operation of a computer system. JARUS SORA

The A-weighted sound power in dB in relation to 1 pW as defined in EN ISO
3744:2010. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/947

UAS operations in the 'Specific' category shall require an Operational
Authorisation issued by the CAA pursuant to Article 12, or an Authorisation
received in accordance with Article 16. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/947: Article 3

A methodology to guide both the applicant and the competent authority in
determining whether a UAS operation can be conducted in a safe manner. JARUS SORA

A published document established by consensus and approved by a recognised
body that sets out specifications and procedures to ensure that a material,
product, method or service meets its purpose and consistently performs to its
intended use. JARUS SORA

A set of instructions covering those features of operations which lend themselves
to a definite or standardised procedure without loss of effectiveness. JARUS SORA

A description of a type of UAS operation, for which a specific operations risk
assessment (SORA) has been conducted and on the basis of which mitigations
means have been proposed that are deemed acceptable by the competent
authority. The use of a standard scenario greatly simplifies and expedites the
application process for the applicant and for the regulator. JARUS SORA

An area on the ground or water within which only people that are involved in the
operation are permitted. CAP 722E

Procedures and operational restrictions intended to control the crewed aircraft
type, encounter rates or time of exposure, prior to take-off. UK SORA

For the purposes of the SORA, strategic conflict mitigation consists of procedures
aimed at reducing the UAS encounter rates prior to UAS take-off. Strategic
mitigation is about controlling or mitigating risk by reducing local aircraft density or
time of exposure of an individual UAS. These mitigations tend to take the form of

Proposed mitigations that are intended to reduce the intrinsic Ground Risk Class
(iGRC) associated with a given operation. UK SORA

The operation of more than one uncrewed aircraft (UA) controlled collectively
rather than individually. CAP 722E

Operation of more than one UA which are controlled collectively rather than
individually. CAP 722E

A combination of inter-related items arranged to perform a specific function(s). JARUS SORA

System safety is a specialty within system engineering that supports program risk
management. It is the application of engineering and management principles,
criteria, and techniques to optimise safety. The goal of System Safety is to
optimise safety by the identification of safety related risks, eliminating or
controlling them by design and/or procedures, based on acceptable system safety
precedence. JARUS SORA

For the purposes of the SORA, tactical conflict mitigation is the act of mitigating
collision risk over a very short time horizon (minutes to seconds). Tactical
mitigations take the form of SDAF loop's (See, Decide, Action, and Feedback
Loop). Tactical Mitigation systems operate using a sensor to "see" the threat,
"deciding" how to mitigate the risk, "acting" on the decision, and then having
system feedback in order to monitor the risk and implement new corrections if
needed. Tactical mitigation may fulfil the 14 CFR 91.113, SERA 3201 and ICAO
Annex 2 section 3.2 "See and Avoid" requirement. (Examples of Tactical
Mitigation; TCAS, ATC, ACAS, MIDCAS, DAA, ABSAA, GBSAA, See and Avoid,
etc.). Tactical mitigation traces to the separation provision and collision avoidance
layers of ICAO's conflict management concept. JARUS SORA

For the purposes of Article 22, it is the mass of the UA at the point of take-off for

A manual used to describe all procedures and processes followed by the

A document that establishes technical requirements to be fulfilled by a product,

The process of operating a system under specified conditions, observing or
recording the results, and making an evaluation of some aspect of the system. JARUS SORA

An unmanned aircraft that remains securely attached (tethered) via a physical link
to a person, the ground or an object at all times while it is flying. The tether
normally takes the form of a flexible wire or a cable and may also include the

Any country or territory other than the United Kingdom. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/945: Article 41

Party deriving no economic benefit and no control over risk associated with the UAS
operation. JARUS SORA

In the context of the holistic risk model, a threat is defined as an occurrence that in
the absence of appropriate threat barriers can potentially result in the hazard. JARUS SORA

Risk management term; see also ALARP. The threshold levels of risk appetite that
can be accepted. The Health and Safety Executive defines Tolerable as a
"willingness by society as a whole to live with a risk so as to secure certain benefits
and in the confidence that the risk is one that is worth taking and that it is being

All errors impacting the position of the UA. It includes the accuracy of the
navigation solution, the flight technical error of the UAS, as well as the path
definition error (e.g., map error) and latencies. Errors are usually determined by
the interaction of several contributes, such as positioning sensors providing
position, navigation and flight control systems, system and human latencies, and
environment. JARUS SORA

Re-org into a def: To be classed as a toy, a product must be able to comply with
the 'Toys (Safety) regulations 2011. Essentially, a 'toy' is a product that is
considered to be suitable for use by a person who is under the age of 14
years. Therefore, if the product is not marked as such within its packaging, then it

Airspace of defined dimensions wherein the carriage and operation of pressure-

Airspace with a classification that does not fall under Controlled Airspace. E.g.
Class G airspace. JARUS SORA

Persons who are not participating in the UAS operation or who are not aware of
the instructions and safety precautions given by the UAS operator. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/947

Marking in the form published in accordance with Article 30(1) of Requirements for
Accreditation and Market Surveillance (RAMS).
Note: See Regulation (EC) No 765/2008 of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 9 July 2008 setting out the requirements for accreditation and market
surveillance relating to the marketing of products and repealing Regulation (EEC)
339/93. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/945

Visual Line of Sight (VLOS) Operations within 150 metres of any Residential,
Commercial, Industrial or Recreational Areas for UAS with a Maximum Take-Off
Mass of less than 25kg CAP 722H

Any aircraft operating or designed to operate autonomously or to be piloted
remotely without a pilot on board. UK Regulation (EU) 2018/1139

A person, positioned alongside the remote pilot, who, by unaided visual
observation of the unmanned aircraft, assists the remote pilot in keeping the
unmanned aircraft in VLOS and safely conducting the flight. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/947

An unmanned aircraft and the equipment to control it remotely.
Note: The UAS comprises individual 'system elements' consisting of the
unmanned aircraft (UA) and any other system elements necessary to enable flight,
such as a command unit (CU), communication link and launch and recovery
element. There may be multiple UAs, CUs or launch and recovery elements within
a UAS. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/947

The organisation designing and producing a component to be installed on a UAS
(e.g., parachute). It is also responsible for carrying out the test, check compatibility
and interface with the UAS models listed in the component instruction manual. JARUS SORA

The organisation responsible for installing a component (e.g., parachute) on a
UAS model listed in the component instruction manual, using the procedure
defined in the same manual. Depending on the level of integration of the
component, the component installer may be the UAS operator or in some cases
the UAS production organisation or one designated by them. JARUS SORA

A portion of airspace established by the Secretary of State that facilitates, restricts
or excludes UAS operations in order to address risks pertaining to safety, privacy,
protection of personal data, security or the environment, arising from UAS
operations. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/947

It may consist in one or multiple flights, even in different locations and with
different purposes, conducted with a?UAS with the same features, characterised by
the same final air rik, final ground risk, SAIL score, ground and air risk mitigations
and containment level. JARUS SORA

Any legal or natural person operating or intending to operate one or more UAS. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/947

A specific aspect of air traffic management which manages UAS operations safely,
economically, and efficiently through the provision of facilities and a seamless set
of services in collaboration with all parties and involving airborne and ground-
based functions. In Europe it is referred as U-space. JARUS SORA

Assimilated Regulation (EU) 2019/947 on the rules and procedures for the operation of unmanned aircraft, as retained in UK domestic law.

Assimilated Regulation (EU) 2029/945 on unmanned aircraft systems and on third country operators of unmanned aircraft systems, as retained in UK domestic law.

An unmanned aircraft that is supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of the air
against its fixed lifting surfaces, the free flight of which does not depend on an
engine. It may be equipped with an engine to be used in case of emergency. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/947

In the context of the air risk, it is the volume above a town or a city, starting from
ground, where there is a higher probability that air operations (with or without
pilots on board) may take place for several purposes (e.g., aerial work, delivery,
transport, emergency etc.). JARUS SORA

A term used to describe controls/safety requirements that are unambiguous,
correct, complete, and verifiable. JARUS SORA

Change of an operation or technical data that requires an application to the CAA.

A term used to describe controls/safety requirements that are objectively
determined to have been met by the design solution. JARUS SORA

The airspace from FL600 and above. The altitude of FL600 is not a hard value, but
an initial value used in this assessment as a starting point for discussion. It may be
adjusted by the regulating authorities as needed. UAS operating in VHL airspace
may have to comply with operating rules, procedures, and equipage not yet
identified. VHL is airspace where manned aircraft operations are very infrequent. JARUS SORA

The airspace from ground level to 500 ft AGL. The altitude of 500 ft AGL is not a
hard value, but an initial value used in this assessment as a starting point for
discussion and may be adjusted by the regulating authorities as needed. UAS
operating in VLL airspace may have to comply with operating rules, procedures,
and equipage not yet identified. VLL is airspace where manned aircraft operations
are very infrequent. VLL airspace excludes Class A, B, C, D, E, and F airspaces,
and airport environments. JARUS SORA

A type of UAS operation in which, the remote pilot is able to maintain continuous
unaided visual contact with the unmanned aircraft, allowing the remote pilot to
control the flight path of the unmanned aircraft in relation to other aircraft, people
and obstacles for the purpose of avoiding collisions. UK Regulation (EU) 2019/947

See airspace observer and/or unmanned aircraft observer as appropriate.